South Africa’s groundwater critical for a secure water future

South Africa’s groundwater critical for a secure water future Submission Details

Author: Petra Peacock from C-Cubed Communications.
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Additional information about SANBWA’s source protection:

When it comes to source water protection, before a bottler is accepted as a SANBWA member, it must provide an independent hydrogeological and vulnerability report. The purpose of this report is to detail the physiography, geology and hydrogeology of the resource; the quantity of water available; the water quality, both chemical and microbiological, and vulnerability of the water resource to contamination as well as the location of known possible contamination points.

There are 12 minimum requirements required in the hydrogeology and vulnerability report. Once this is reviewed by a SABWA appointed hydrogeologist and the bottlers is accepted as a member, our Standard requires that a documented source water protection plan shall be in place and risks reviewed annually.

The focus of this protection plan must be on protecting the quantity of water supply and shall include source vulnerability assessment to identify sources of potential pollution and other risk factors, a risk-based source monitoring program and a source protection plan to ensure sustainability of quantity of water supply

The Standard also protects the quality of the water source by requiring the facility to have a waste water disposal system approved by the local authority. Where the waste water is not discharged into a municipal system, there shall be a documented effluent management plan and map to minimise risk to the environment.

Further the location of any sewage system, for example, septic tanks and field drains, shall not potentially contaminate the water source or facility water systems. Finally, there shall be no evidence of flooding, leakage or pollution of the water source.

According to SANBWA CEO Charlotte Metcalf, sustainability is also ensured by the requirement that water extraction volumes shall be monitored and shall not exceed the volumes and conditions set out in the water license granted by the issuing authority.

Monitoring water usage also allows the bottling facility to determine the efficiency of water use with a water usage ratio calculated monthly, recorded, monitored and reported at management reviews. The Standard also requires management to establish, evaluate and review targets and strategies to minimise water usage.

Every year, SANBWA’s third party and independent auditing body – NSF – audits members to ensure that their source, bottling facility, final product and every aspect of their bottling process adheres to SANBWA’s stringent standards, she said.

The SANBWA audit consists of a desk study performed by specialists and an on-site audit performed by an experienced auditor, and requires a total of 24 man-hours of in-depth inspection and evaluation. The source is inspected physically every year and tests results are scrutenised.

Compliance is achieved by an overall score of at least 85% and 100% for critical and fundamental requirements. Only then are members bottlers allowed to display the SANBWA logo on their bottled water products.

Minimum requirements required for the SANBWA hydrogeology and vulnerability report:
• Where the source is. Two maps are required, one at a regional scale, and the other at a local scale.
• What is the nature of the catchment? Describe the physiography, the vegetation, the usage of the catchment, activities in the catchment, and any man-made structures.
• What the geology of the area is, including a map at a suitable scale.
• What is the groundwater regime, including a description of the aquifer being exploited and the local and regional groundwater flow directions.
• An assessment of the flow rate of the source if a spring, and if a borehole, an evaluation of the sustainable yield. The drilling report and the test-pumping report should be included, if available. The actual abstraction rates must be given.
• Catchment study: Delineate the catchment, describe recharge to the aquifer and the recharge zones, and delineate the capture zones for the borehole. Note that an exhaustive and intensive study is not required; the hydrogeologist must use available data and provide his/her interpretation.
• Department of Water Affairs: Record the various water resource points that have been registered and also the licensing of these. The hydrogeologist must specifically note whether or not the proposed source has been licensed for the proposed commercial use, and include copies of the various licenses.
• What is the microbiological composition and chemical character of the water, as well as an evaluation of these results? The laboratory results must be included in the report. See reference table 1 A, B and 2 A, B in the SANBWA Standard.
• A detailed description of the borehole or spring protection in the immediate surrounds of the abstraction point. Include a note on water flow measuring and water level measuring.
• Who else is exploiting the aquifer in the near vicinity, and who might have an impact on the source being described. A map showing these points of extraction must be included.
• An assessment of the vulnerability of the aquifer to any form of contamination, taking into account the aquifer type and catchments morphology*.
• A review of all potential polluting activities in the area, including an assessment of the potential impact of these activities on the source. A map showing the location of these activities must be included.

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